There are many kinds of computer that require no human interaction,they have been programmed installed and started upuserless computers operate security system,navigation system,communication system and any other.userless computer are typically controlled by their operating system.in these devices the operating system may be installed on special memory chips rather then a disk .The operating system programmed to performa specific set of task such a monitoring a function or checking for a failure and little else.these system are not set up for human interaction except as needed for system configuration or maintenance.
Sunday 26 August 2012
USERLESS COMPUTER
There are many kinds of computer that require no human interaction,they have been programmed installed and started upuserless computers operate security system,navigation system,communication system and any other.userless computer are typically controlled by their operating system.in these devices the operating system may be installed on special memory chips rather then a disk .The operating system programmed to performa specific set of task such a monitoring a function or checking for a failure and little else.these system are not set up for human interaction except as needed for system configuration or maintenance.
COMPUTER USER'S
Peronal computer are designed to work with a human user.In fact, the user is a critical part of a computer system especially when a personal computer is involved, this may seems surprising since computer as intelligent device capable of performing amazing task people also some time belive that computer can think and make decisiom but this is not the case. Even the most powerful super computer require human interaction if for no other reason than to get them started and tell tan which problem to solve.
THE USER'S ROLE :
when working with a personal computer the user can take on several roles depending on he or she wants to accomplish .
Setting up the system:
If you want to change some thing about the system a process called configuration weather you want to add a new hardware device,change the way program look on your screen a customize the way a program function.
INSTALLING SOFTWARE:
Your new computer probably came with an operating system and some application installed you need to install any other programs you want to use .This may involve loading software from a disk or downloading it from a website either way ,it is usually the user's responsibility to install programs.
RUNNING PROGRAMS:
when ever your computer is on there as several program running that runs your mouse and printer.such programs do not need any user input,infact you may not even be aware of them the most part if you want to use your computer to perform a task you need to lanch and run software is designed for the task.this means installing this program learning its tools and working with it to make sure it gives you the result you want.
MANAGING FILES:
A computer saves data in files,you can save it as a file making it available to open and use again picture ,songs and other kinds of data are stored as files but it is the user's to manage these files and this means setting up a logical system for storing them on the computer.It also means knowing when to delete or move files or copy them to a disk for safe keeping.
MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM:
Systemmaintenance does not necessarily mean opening the pc and fixing brokenparts pc maintenance generally means running utilities that keep the disks free of clutter and ensure that the computer is making the best use of its resources.
COMPUTER DATA
A computer data is any piece of information odr fact.The computer reads and stores data of all kinds whether words numbers images or sounds in the from of number consequently.Computerized data is digital meaning that it has been reduced to digits or number because the computer can work only with strings of number computer use strings of number to represent every type of data the must handle .The computer manipulates data by performing calculations doing comparisons or arranging the bits of information so they make sure to the user just as computer data different from information.
It also differs program recall a software program is a set of instructions that tells the computer to perform task.Data these instruction exist as strings number so the computer can use. the diference between data and program .Data is for people to use but program are for computer to use data organized into file. A file is simple a set of data . Afile taht the user can open and use is often called a document a computer document can include many kinds of data .
TURNING THE COMPUTER ON/OFF
TURNING THE COMPUTER ON:
A simple as it may sound ther is a right way to turn a computer power on and off If you perform either of these task incorrectly you may damage the computer compoents or cause problem for the operating system program or data files.
1# Before turning on your computer make sure that all necessary cables such as the mouse ,keyboard, printer medom etc are connected to the system unit also make sure that the system power cord are connected to an apropriate power source.
2#There are no diskettes in the computer's diskette drive un less you must boat the system from a diskette.The term booting means the computer if you must boot the system from a diskette ask your instructor for specific directions.
3#Find the on/off switch on each attached device the monitor,printer etc and place it in the on option A device power switch may not be on the front panel the on/off switch it the switch is not located on the fron panel.
4#Find the on/off switch on the computer system unit which all other components are plugged and place it in the ON position.
Most computer take a minute or two to start your computer may display message during the start up process.If one of these message prompts you to perform an action such as provide a network user ID and password ask you instructor for directions after the computer has started the windows desktop will appear on your screen.
TURNING THE COMPUTER OFF:
In windows base system It is critical that you shut down properly as described here.Windows creates many temporary file on your computer's hard disk when running. By shutting down properly.
you give windows the chance to erase those temporary files and do other house keeping task. If you simple turnoff your computer while windows or other program are running you can cause harm to your system.
The process menu and dialog boxes are the same in all versions of windows except windows XP as noted in the following instruction.
1# Remove any disk from the diskette and CD-ROM drives and makes sure that all data is saved and all running program are closed .
2#using your mose pointer click the start button which is located on the task bar.The start menu will appear on the start menu click shut down click the turn off computer option the shut down windows dialog box will appear the turn off computer dialog box will appear.windows will begin the shut down process, when this message appear turn off the power to your system unit.
The system unit will power down automatic ally after windows shuts down you need to turn off your mintor and othe devices.
STORAGE
A computer can function with only processing memory ,input and out put devices the purpose of storage is to hold data permanently even when the computer is turned off .storage as an electronic file cabinet and ram as an electronic work table.when you need to work with aprogram or a set of datab .the changes you make to data while working on it replace the original data in the file cabinet unless you store it in a different place the function of storage and memory are similar they work in different ways these are three major distinctions between storage and memory.
#There is more room in storage than in memory
#Contents are retained in storage when the computer is turned off where as program the data in memory disappear when you shut down the computer.
#Storage device operate much slower than memory chip but storage is much cheaper then memory.
Wednesday 15 August 2012
CACHE MEMORY
The moving data between ram and central processing unit register is one of the most time consuming operations a central processing unit must perform,simply because RAM is much slower then the central processing unit .A partial solution to this problem is to include a cache memory in the central processing unit . cache (pronounced cash) memory is similar to ram except that it is extremely fast compared to normal memory and it is used in a different way.cache memory works with the central processing unit and ram.when a program is running and the central processing unit needs to read a piece of data or program instruction from Ram.
central processing unit check the data is in cache memory.cache memory and save the time needed to load the data from Ram .cache is present in several places in a computer most hard drives and networks card have cache present to speed up data access with out cache.your computer would be much slower device .cache is often called Level-1(L1)many central processing units have much as 256 KB built in and more speed to modern central processing unit an additional cache is added to central processing units this cache is called level-2 (L2) this cache used to be found on the motherboard ceca is also added to the mother board .this mother board resident cache is now called level-3 (L3)cache is found on very end computer it is not necessary for a computer to have L3 cache.
central processing unit check the data is in cache memory.cache memory and save the time needed to load the data from Ram .cache is present in several places in a computer most hard drives and networks card have cache present to speed up data access with out cache.your computer would be much slower device .cache is often called Level-1(L1)many central processing units have much as 256 KB built in and more speed to modern central processing unit an additional cache is added to central processing units this cache is called level-2 (L2) this cache used to be found on the motherboard ceca is also added to the mother board .this mother board resident cache is now called level-3 (L3)cache is found on very end computer it is not necessary for a computer to have L3 cache.
BUS STANDARD
PC buses are designed to match the capabilities of the devices attached to them. when central processing units could send and receive only one byte of data at a time there was no point in connecting them to a bus that could move data. A microprocessor technology improved however chips were built that could send and receive more data at once and improved bus designs created wider path through which he data could flow common bus technology include the following .
# The industry standard architecture bus is a 16 bit data bus is still used in many computer to attach slower devices such as modem and input devices to the central processing unit.
# The local bus was developed to attach faster devices to the central processing unit.A local bus is an internal system bus that runs between components on the motherboard.
# The Accelerated Graphics port (AG P) bus that allow the video card to access the system. RAM directly greatly increasing the speed of graphic performance.
# The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is relatively new bus found on all modern machine this means that a user can connect the disconnect a usb device with out affecting the machine .Usb supporting up to 127 devices connect in either a daisy chain or hub layout.
# Fire wire ports were once found only on computer but they are now increasingly common in compatible PCs. Fire wire is used to connect video devices.
Tuesday 14 August 2012
PORTS
It is a sockets or a connector which is used to connect the peripheral devices with computer in an other wards the number of sockets which are used to pluging the devices called ports .
There are basically two types of port used for pluging the device.
SERIAL PORTS :-
It is a type of which can be transmitted the signals in serial way serial port is used to forward one bits thats why it is concedered the slowest poprt serial port having the eight to sixteen number of pins and it is also called serial port (male port)
PARALLEL PORT:-
It is a types of socket which is used to transmitted minium eight number of bit at a which excellent transmitting speed thats why it is concedered is to be a fastest concetered is port is also called parallel port (female port)
There are basically two types of port used for pluging the device.
SERIAL PORTS :-
It is a type of which can be transmitted the signals in serial way serial port is used to forward one bits thats why it is concedered the slowest poprt serial port having the eight to sixteen number of pins and it is also called serial port (male port)
PARALLEL PORT:-
It is a types of socket which is used to transmitted minium eight number of bit at a which excellent transmitting speed thats why it is concedered is to be a fastest concetered is port is also called parallel port (female port)
BUS
It is a path way from with the flow of instruction move intirely the computer one side to an other side it other words the connections wires. which are used to cannot the a single unit from other unit or different preferred device called bus.
There are three main types of buss.
CONTROL BUSS:
-
There are the uni directional wires used to flow the control instruction to other all unit for controlling called control buss.
DATA BUSS:-
These are the directional wires use to transmit the flow of data intirely the computer to word the number of unit called data buss.
ADDRESS BUSS:-
It is also the uni directional wires or path way which is use to flow the address of memory location or address of data and all these wires are called address buss.
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
A computer hardware devices fall into one of four categories. while any type of computer system contains these four types of hard ware they relate to the personal computer.
PROCESSOR:-
During this part of the computer accept data from some source such is a user or a program for processing.
MEMORY:-
IN a computer memory is one or more sets of chips that store data and program instructions either a temporarily or permanently.and the memory is two parts.
RAM:-
The most common types of memory is called random access memory the term memory is typically used to mean ram .Ram is like an electronic search pad inside the computer ram hold data and program instructions while the CPU work with them.
ROM:-
IT data even the computers shut off ROM is called non volatile memory because it never losses it contents roms hold instructions that the computer need to operate .
INPUT&OUTPUT:-
A computer is a hardware components. the most common input device is rhe keyboard which accepts letter number and commands from the user.
The function of an output device is to present processed data to the user the most common output device are the monitor and printer.
STORAGE:-
The hard ware components that write data and read data from storage media. A diskette is a type of storage media where as a diskette drive is a storage.
PROCESSOR:-
During this part of the computer accept data from some source such is a user or a program for processing.
MEMORY:-
IN a computer memory is one or more sets of chips that store data and program instructions either a temporarily or permanently.and the memory is two parts.
RAM:-
The most common types of memory is called random access memory the term memory is typically used to mean ram .Ram is like an electronic search pad inside the computer ram hold data and program instructions while the CPU work with them.
ROM:-
IT data even the computers shut off ROM is called non volatile memory because it never losses it contents roms hold instructions that the computer need to operate .
INPUT&OUTPUT:-
A computer is a hardware components. the most common input device is rhe keyboard which accepts letter number and commands from the user.
The function of an output device is to present processed data to the user the most common output device are the monitor and printer.
STORAGE:-
The hard ware components that write data and read data from storage media. A diskette is a type of storage media where as a diskette drive is a storage.
Monday 13 August 2012
MACHINE CYCLE
The central processing unit executes an instruction it takes a series of steps the computed series of step is called machine cycle. A machine cycle it self can be broken down into smaller cycles the instruction cycle and the execution cycle at the begnning of the machine cycle that is during the instruction cycle.
The central processing unit take two steps.
FETCHING:
Before the central processing unit can execute an instruction the control unit must retrieve (fetch) a command or data from the computer memory.
DECODING:
Before a command can be executed the control unit must break down (decode) the command instructions that correspond to those in the central processing unit5 instruction set.
At this point the central processing unit is ready to begin the execution cycle.
EXECUTING:-
when the command is executed the central processing unit carries out the instructions in order by converting them into microcode.
STORING:-
The central processing unit may be required to store the result of an instruction in memory but this condition is not always required.
The central processing unit take two steps.
FETCHING:
Before the central processing unit can execute an instruction the control unit must retrieve (fetch) a command or data from the computer memory.
DECODING:
Before a command can be executed the control unit must break down (decode) the command instructions that correspond to those in the central processing unit5 instruction set.
At this point the central processing unit is ready to begin the execution cycle.
EXECUTING:-
when the command is executed the central processing unit carries out the instructions in order by converting them into microcode.
STORING:-
The central processing unit may be required to store the result of an instruction in memory but this condition is not always required.
CENTERAL PROCESSING UNIT
The central processing unit is the brain of the computer the place where data is mainpulated.In large computer system such as super computers and mainframe processing task may be handled by multiple processing chip computer use hundred or thousand of separate processing unit central processing is a signal unit called a microprocessor.
COMPONENTS OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
There are two typically components of a central processing unit.
CONTROL UNIT:
The computer's resources are managed from the control unit the control unit as a traffic signal directing the flow of data through the central processing unit.The control unit is the logical hub of the computer.the central processing units instructions for carrying out commands are built into the control unit the instructions or instruction set list all the operation that the central processing unit can perform.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT:-
All computer data is stored as number much of the processing that takes place involves comparing number or carryingout mathematical operation.Arithmetic operation include addition,substraction,multiplication and division. Logical operation include comparison such as determining whether one number is equal to generate then or less the an other number.
COMPONENTS OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
There are two typically components of a central processing unit.
CONTROL UNIT:
The computer's resources are managed from the control unit the control unit as a traffic signal directing the flow of data through the central processing unit.The control unit is the logical hub of the computer.the central processing units instructions for carrying out commands are built into the control unit the instructions or instruction set list all the operation that the central processing unit can perform.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT:-
All computer data is stored as number much of the processing that takes place involves comparing number or carryingout mathematical operation.Arithmetic operation include addition,substraction,multiplication and division. Logical operation include comparison such as determining whether one number is equal to generate then or less the an other number.
6 ways to speed up your PC
How to make a computer faster: 6 ways to speed up your PC
By following a few simple guidelines, you can maintain your computer, help increase your PC speed, and help keep it running smoothly. This article discusses how to use the tools available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP Service Pack 3 to help make your computer faster, maintain your computer efficiently, and help safeguard your privacy when you're online.
Note: Some of the tools mentioned in this article require you to be logged on as an administrator. If you aren't logged on as an administrator, you can only change settings that apply to your user account.
1. Remove spyware, and help protect your computer from viruses
Spyware collects personal information without letting you know and without asking for permission. From the websites you visit to user names and passwords, spyware can put you and your confidential information at risk. In addition to privacy concerns, spyware can hamper your computer's performance. To combat spyware, you might want to consider using the PC safety scan from Windows Live OneCare. This scan is a free service that helps check for and remove viruses.
Download Microsoft Security Essentials for free to help guard your system in the future from viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious software (also known as malware). Microsoft Security Essentials acts as a spyware removal tool and includes automatic updates to help keep your system protected from emerging threats.
The Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool is another utility that checks computers running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Server 2003 for infections by specific, prevalent malicious software, including Blaster, Sasser, and Mydoom, and helps remove any infection found.
2. Free up disk space
The Disk Cleanup tool helps you to free up space on your hard disk to improve the performance of your computer. The tool identifies files that you can safely delete and then enables you to choose whether you want to delete some or all of the identified files.
Use Disk Cleanup to:
Remove temporary Internet files.
Delete downloaded program files, such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and Java applets.
Empty the Recycle Bin.
Remove Windows temporary files, such as error reports.
Delete optional Windows components that you don't use.
Delete installed programs that you no longer use.
Remove unused restore points and shadow copies from System Restore.
Tip: Typically, temporary Internet files take the most amount of space because the browser caches each page you visit for faster access later.
To use Disk Cleanup:
Windows 7 users
Windows Vista users
Windows XP users
3. Speed up access to data
Disk fragmentation slows the overall performance of your system. When files are fragmented, the computer must search the hard disk as a file is opened (to piece it back together). The response time can be significantly longer.
Disk Defragmenter (sometimes shortened to Defrag by users) is a Windows utility that consolidates fragmented files and folders on your computer's hard disk so that each occupies a single space on the disk. With your files stored neatly end to end, without fragmentation, reading and writing to the disk speeds up.
When to run Disk Defragmenter
In addition to running Disk Defragmenter at regular intervals (weekly is optimal), there are other times you should run it, too, such as when:
You add a large number of files.
Your free disk space totals 15 percent or less.
You install new programs or a new version of the Windows operating system.
To use Disk Defragmenter:
Windows 7 users
Windows Vista users
Windows XP users
Running Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter on a regular basis is a proven way to help keep your computer running quickly and efficiently. If you'd like to learn how to schedule these tools and others to run automatically, please read Speed up your PC: Automate your computer maintenance schedule.
4. Detect and repair disk errors
In addition to running Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter to optimize the performance of your computer, you can check the integrity of the files stored on your hard disk by running the Error Checking utility.
As you use your hard drive, it can develop bad sectors. Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing (such as file saving) difficult or even impossible. The Error Checking utility scans the hard drive for bad sectors and scans for file system errors to see whether certain files or folders are misplaced.
If you use your computer daily, you should run this utility once a week to help prevent data loss.
Run the Error Checking utility:
5. Learn about ReadyBoost
If you're using Windows 7 or Windows Vista, you can use ReadyBoost to speed up your system. A new concept in adding memory to a system, it allows you to use non-volatile flash memory—like a USB flash drive or a memory card—to improve performance without having to add additional memory.
Learn more about ReadyBoost in Windows 7.
Learn more about ReadyBoost in Windows Vista.
6. Upgrade to Windows 7
If you try all the previous remedies and your computer still isn't as fast as you would like it to be, you may want to consider updating to Windows 7.
Find out if your computer can run Windows 7 using the Upgrade Advisor.
Compare Window 7 editions.
Read a third-party review of Windows 7 by David Pogue of The New York Times.
If the Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor determines that your computer can't run Windows 7 and you still have the need for speed, it might be time for a new computer. There are some great deals on new computers right now:
Shop for new desktop computers.
Shop for new laptop computers.
Shop for netbooks.
By following a few simple guidelines, you can maintain your computer, help increase your PC speed, and help keep it running smoothly. This article discusses how to use the tools available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP Service Pack 3 to help make your computer faster, maintain your computer efficiently, and help safeguard your privacy when you're online.
Note: Some of the tools mentioned in this article require you to be logged on as an administrator. If you aren't logged on as an administrator, you can only change settings that apply to your user account.
1. Remove spyware, and help protect your computer from viruses
Spyware collects personal information without letting you know and without asking for permission. From the websites you visit to user names and passwords, spyware can put you and your confidential information at risk. In addition to privacy concerns, spyware can hamper your computer's performance. To combat spyware, you might want to consider using the PC safety scan from Windows Live OneCare. This scan is a free service that helps check for and remove viruses.
Download Microsoft Security Essentials for free to help guard your system in the future from viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious software (also known as malware). Microsoft Security Essentials acts as a spyware removal tool and includes automatic updates to help keep your system protected from emerging threats.
The Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool is another utility that checks computers running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows Server 2003 for infections by specific, prevalent malicious software, including Blaster, Sasser, and Mydoom, and helps remove any infection found.
2. Free up disk space
The Disk Cleanup tool helps you to free up space on your hard disk to improve the performance of your computer. The tool identifies files that you can safely delete and then enables you to choose whether you want to delete some or all of the identified files.
Use Disk Cleanup to:
Remove temporary Internet files.
Delete downloaded program files, such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and Java applets.
Empty the Recycle Bin.
Remove Windows temporary files, such as error reports.
Delete optional Windows components that you don't use.
Delete installed programs that you no longer use.
Remove unused restore points and shadow copies from System Restore.
Tip: Typically, temporary Internet files take the most amount of space because the browser caches each page you visit for faster access later.
To use Disk Cleanup:
Windows 7 users
Windows Vista users
Windows XP users
3. Speed up access to data
Disk fragmentation slows the overall performance of your system. When files are fragmented, the computer must search the hard disk as a file is opened (to piece it back together). The response time can be significantly longer.
Disk Defragmenter (sometimes shortened to Defrag by users) is a Windows utility that consolidates fragmented files and folders on your computer's hard disk so that each occupies a single space on the disk. With your files stored neatly end to end, without fragmentation, reading and writing to the disk speeds up.
When to run Disk Defragmenter
In addition to running Disk Defragmenter at regular intervals (weekly is optimal), there are other times you should run it, too, such as when:
You add a large number of files.
Your free disk space totals 15 percent or less.
You install new programs or a new version of the Windows operating system.
To use Disk Defragmenter:
Windows 7 users
Windows Vista users
Windows XP users
Running Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter on a regular basis is a proven way to help keep your computer running quickly and efficiently. If you'd like to learn how to schedule these tools and others to run automatically, please read Speed up your PC: Automate your computer maintenance schedule.
4. Detect and repair disk errors
In addition to running Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter to optimize the performance of your computer, you can check the integrity of the files stored on your hard disk by running the Error Checking utility.
As you use your hard drive, it can develop bad sectors. Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing (such as file saving) difficult or even impossible. The Error Checking utility scans the hard drive for bad sectors and scans for file system errors to see whether certain files or folders are misplaced.
If you use your computer daily, you should run this utility once a week to help prevent data loss.
Run the Error Checking utility:
5. Learn about ReadyBoost
If you're using Windows 7 or Windows Vista, you can use ReadyBoost to speed up your system. A new concept in adding memory to a system, it allows you to use non-volatile flash memory—like a USB flash drive or a memory card—to improve performance without having to add additional memory.
Learn more about ReadyBoost in Windows 7.
Learn more about ReadyBoost in Windows Vista.
6. Upgrade to Windows 7
If you try all the previous remedies and your computer still isn't as fast as you would like it to be, you may want to consider updating to Windows 7.
Find out if your computer can run Windows 7 using the Upgrade Advisor.
Compare Window 7 editions.
Read a third-party review of Windows 7 by David Pogue of The New York Times.
If the Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor determines that your computer can't run Windows 7 and you still have the need for speed, it might be time for a new computer. There are some great deals on new computers right now:
Shop for new desktop computers.
Shop for new laptop computers.
Shop for netbooks.
Saturday 11 August 2012
PC Troubleshooting
PC Troubleshooting Tips Why is My PC Crashing?
Nothing can put a damper on productivity quite like a computer that crashes on a regular basis. Sometimes, a crash is preceded by the dreaded “blue screen of death” or another warning; other times, a computer simply shuts off without any warning at all. In either case, the end result is a whole lot of frustration, aggravation and lost work. If your computer has been crashing frequently, you’d probably like to put an end to it. Unfortunately, getting to the bottom of things if often easier said than done. The following tips about improving your computer’s performance, though, are excellent places to begin.
Possibility #1: Corrupted System Registry Files
Every Windows-based PC has something called a Windows registry. The registry contains several files that are integral to the performance and operation of your computer. Over time, some of those files can become corrupted, be misplaced or get lost altogether. When that happens, the system registry becomes compromised – and frequent crashes are all-too-common symptoms. The best way to rule this possibility in or out is by running a Windows registry cleaning program. Such programs scan your Windows registry for problems then automatically make repairs. If you run a registry cleaner and the crashes persist, they are probably being caused by a different issue.
Possibility #2: Disorganized Files
Windows operating systems handle file organization in a way that isn’t very intuitive. Basically, they break files up and fit them into gaps in the computer’s memory. As time goes by, these disorganized files can prompt frequent crashes. Luckily, a great optimization solution is built right into Windows-based PCs: the disk defragmentation utility. Although its location on a computer varies, you can generally locate it within the System and Security section inside the Control Panel. By running a defrag once every few months, you may be able to keep those pesky computer crashes at bay.
Possibility #3: Malicious Software
Malicious software can take many different forms. Sometimes, it’s a virus that is accidentally unleashed after opening a strange email; other times, its adware that tags along with other information that is automatically downloaded from a website. Whatever type it is, there’s no question that malicious software can wreak havoc on a computer’s performance. Happily, there are many topnotch programs out there that regularly scan your computer for the presence of such problems – and that help guard against them, too. Buy one, install it and use it regularly; your crash issues may come to an end.
Possibility #4: Too Little Available Memory
When you buy a new computer, it feels like there’s no end to the amount of memory that it has. Of course, this isn’t true at all. As never-ending as the available memory on your PC may initially seem, the fact is that it can be depleted with incredible speed. You can find out for sure by checking the information within “My Computer.” If it appears that your available memory is low, you can use a PC cleanup program to remove unnecessary files; such programs remove things like temporary Internet files and other file debris that can suck away much-needed memory.
Possibility #5: Overheating
If you’ve run through all of the preceding possibilities and continue experiencing frequent crashes, a hardware issue could be to blame. An easy one to rule out is overheating. A computer’s CPU, or central processing unit, includes a fan that is designed to keep it running cool. Sometimes, the fan wears down and doesn’t work as efficiently; other times, it’s just not able to handle the work that your computer has to do. In either case, buying a bigger, better fan isn’t very expensive. If it puts an end to your PC crashing problem, it will have been more than worth it.
Don’t Put Up with Frequent Crashes!
As discussed, frequent computer crashes can be triggered by a wide variety of issues. Luckily, many of these issues are relatively easy to remedy. Work your way through the preceding list; chances are, you’ll be able to pinpoint the problem and put an effective cure to work. Nine times out of ten, a computer simply needs a little bit of routine maintenance to get it back on track again. In the future, keep these points in mind. Any time you buy a new computer, keep up with its basic maintenance right from the get-go. By doing that, you could avoid “blue screen of death” and crashing problems altogether – and that’s something that you’re bound to appreciate!
Nothing can put a damper on productivity quite like a computer that crashes on a regular basis. Sometimes, a crash is preceded by the dreaded “blue screen of death” or another warning; other times, a computer simply shuts off without any warning at all. In either case, the end result is a whole lot of frustration, aggravation and lost work. If your computer has been crashing frequently, you’d probably like to put an end to it. Unfortunately, getting to the bottom of things if often easier said than done. The following tips about improving your computer’s performance, though, are excellent places to begin.
Possibility #1: Corrupted System Registry Files
Every Windows-based PC has something called a Windows registry. The registry contains several files that are integral to the performance and operation of your computer. Over time, some of those files can become corrupted, be misplaced or get lost altogether. When that happens, the system registry becomes compromised – and frequent crashes are all-too-common symptoms. The best way to rule this possibility in or out is by running a Windows registry cleaning program. Such programs scan your Windows registry for problems then automatically make repairs. If you run a registry cleaner and the crashes persist, they are probably being caused by a different issue.
Possibility #2: Disorganized Files
Windows operating systems handle file organization in a way that isn’t very intuitive. Basically, they break files up and fit them into gaps in the computer’s memory. As time goes by, these disorganized files can prompt frequent crashes. Luckily, a great optimization solution is built right into Windows-based PCs: the disk defragmentation utility. Although its location on a computer varies, you can generally locate it within the System and Security section inside the Control Panel. By running a defrag once every few months, you may be able to keep those pesky computer crashes at bay.
Possibility #3: Malicious Software
Malicious software can take many different forms. Sometimes, it’s a virus that is accidentally unleashed after opening a strange email; other times, its adware that tags along with other information that is automatically downloaded from a website. Whatever type it is, there’s no question that malicious software can wreak havoc on a computer’s performance. Happily, there are many topnotch programs out there that regularly scan your computer for the presence of such problems – and that help guard against them, too. Buy one, install it and use it regularly; your crash issues may come to an end.
Possibility #4: Too Little Available Memory
When you buy a new computer, it feels like there’s no end to the amount of memory that it has. Of course, this isn’t true at all. As never-ending as the available memory on your PC may initially seem, the fact is that it can be depleted with incredible speed. You can find out for sure by checking the information within “My Computer.” If it appears that your available memory is low, you can use a PC cleanup program to remove unnecessary files; such programs remove things like temporary Internet files and other file debris that can suck away much-needed memory.
Possibility #5: Overheating
If you’ve run through all of the preceding possibilities and continue experiencing frequent crashes, a hardware issue could be to blame. An easy one to rule out is overheating. A computer’s CPU, or central processing unit, includes a fan that is designed to keep it running cool. Sometimes, the fan wears down and doesn’t work as efficiently; other times, it’s just not able to handle the work that your computer has to do. In either case, buying a bigger, better fan isn’t very expensive. If it puts an end to your PC crashing problem, it will have been more than worth it.
Don’t Put Up with Frequent Crashes!
As discussed, frequent computer crashes can be triggered by a wide variety of issues. Luckily, many of these issues are relatively easy to remedy. Work your way through the preceding list; chances are, you’ll be able to pinpoint the problem and put an effective cure to work. Nine times out of ten, a computer simply needs a little bit of routine maintenance to get it back on track again. In the future, keep these points in mind. Any time you buy a new computer, keep up with its basic maintenance right from the get-go. By doing that, you could avoid “blue screen of death” and crashing problems altogether – and that’s something that you’re bound to appreciate!
PARTS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
The information processing cycle has four parts.each parts involves one or more specific components of computer.
1- INPUT:-
This is part of cycle the computer accepts data from some source ,such as the user or a program for processing.
2- PROCESSING:-
The computer processing components perform actions on the data based on instructions from the user or a program .
3-OUTPUT:-
The computer may be required to display the result of its processing the computer also can send output to a printer or transfer the output to another computer through a network .output is an optional step in the information processing cycle but may be ordered by the user or program.
4-STORAGE:-
The computer permantly stores the result of its processing on a disk ,tape or same other kind of storage medium.storage is optional and may not always be required the user or program.
1- INPUT:-
This is part of cycle the computer accepts data from some source ,such as the user or a program for processing.
2- PROCESSING:-
The computer processing components perform actions on the data based on instructions from the user or a program .
3-OUTPUT:-
The computer may be required to display the result of its processing the computer also can send output to a printer or transfer the output to another computer through a network .output is an optional step in the information processing cycle but may be ordered by the user or program.
4-STORAGE:-
The computer permantly stores the result of its processing on a disk ,tape or same other kind of storage medium.storage is optional and may not always be required the user or program.
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
DEFINITION
A computer data into information by performing various actions on the data . A computer might perform a mathematical operation on two number or the computer might perform a logical operation such as comparing two number there operations are part of a process called the information processing cycle .A set of step the computer follows to receive data process the data according to instructions from a program and information to the user and store the result.
A computer data into information by performing various actions on the data . A computer might perform a mathematical operation on two number or the computer might perform a logical operation such as comparing two number there operations are part of a process called the information processing cycle .A set of step the computer follows to receive data process the data according to instructions from a program and information to the user and store the result.
LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
DEFINITION
The computer does not understand a programing the machine language or binary language .A program must be translated into machine language before the machine can execute it.language translator include in
Interpreter:-
An interpreter translates and executes each program statement one at a time after execution the translation of a statement is removed from memory and next statement is loaded for translation. Interpreter are suitable for short program developed by beginners to programming.BASIC is an interpreter for basic language programs.each programming language has its own interpreter.
Assembler:-
The assembler is a language translator for a low level programming language called Assembler language.assembler language is a symbolic language.
compiler :
compilers translate the whole program at a time and store their translator program on disk .
The computer does not understand a programing the machine language or binary language .A program must be translated into machine language before the machine can execute it.language translator include in
Interpreter:-
An interpreter translates and executes each program statement one at a time after execution the translation of a statement is removed from memory and next statement is loaded for translation. Interpreter are suitable for short program developed by beginners to programming.BASIC is an interpreter for basic language programs.each programming language has its own interpreter.
Assembler:-
The assembler is a language translator for a low level programming language called Assembler language.assembler language is a symbolic language.
compiler :
compilers translate the whole program at a time and store their translator program on disk .
PROGRAMING LANGUAGE&TYPES
DEFINITION
The set of instruction which are used to perform the task by the computers called programing language in eases way called programing language.
TYPES OF PROGRAMING LANGUAGE:
There are three types of programing language
1)Machine Language
2)Assembly Language
3)High level Language
1-Machine Language :-
It is the computer understandable language which totaly based upon binary digits [0&1]entirly computer perform all the task in binary language.
2-Assembly Language:-
It is one step higher the machine language and based on the symbolic codes in this language a user can work by through the information of assembly language,
3-High Level Langusge :-
It is the human understand able and provide faverable condition to the user for working means friendly environment All the high level language allow the user to work in real language or natural language .
The set of instruction which are used to perform the task by the computers called programing language in eases way called programing language.
TYPES OF PROGRAMING LANGUAGE:
There are three types of programing language
1)Machine Language
2)Assembly Language
3)High level Language
1-Machine Language :-
It is the computer understandable language which totaly based upon binary digits [0&1]entirly computer perform all the task in binary language.
2-Assembly Language:-
It is one step higher the machine language and based on the symbolic codes in this language a user can work by through the information of assembly language,
3-High Level Langusge :-
It is the human understand able and provide faverable condition to the user for working means friendly environment All the high level language allow the user to work in real language or natural language .
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
Computer come in various types and these may be classified in various ways .
According by purpose
General purpose of computer
special purpose of computer
According by function
Analog computer
Digital computer
Hybirde computer
Optical computer
According by size
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Supper computer
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE :
i) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER:
Those types of computer which are used for multi purpose tasking and an ordinary computer which are easily available in market called general purpose computer.
ii) SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER:
The types of computer which are used for specific task called special purpose computer, these types of computers are not easily available but also made by the request or configration.
ACCORDING BY FUNCTIONS
I)ANALOG COMPUTER:
The word analog derived from a Latin word analogous which mean similar thats why all the analog .computer work in continue form of data and is used mostly measuring objects.
ii)DIGITAL COMPUTER:
The types of computer which work on discrete from or in digits way [1,0]called digital computer these types of computer are used for computer task in a plus way.
iii)HYBIRDE COMPUTER:
The combination form of analog and digital computer is called hybirde computer these types of computer are work on in discrete way and also in continues way .
iv)OPTICAL COMPUTER:
The function which is purely based upon the Quart system or quanting computer are called optical function. The types of optical function are speech latinimation devices, sences devices nauigatio devices robots and for artificial intelligences.
ACCORDING BY SIZE
i)MICRO COMPUTER:
The types of computer which are purely depend upon signal silicon chip and responsible for processing the verity of task called micro computer.
ii)MINI COMPUTER:
It is the types of computer which used as a server because this computer can easily move 5 to 10 computers are used the speed of processing is high as compare to micro computer and memory section or storage area also very much greater then the micro computer
iii)MAIN FRAME :
The high speed range of computer which can easily provide the hundred of connection to terminal without wire, the terminal because all home joined , with main frame are wireless a main frame having hundred of processor for used different kind of task .
iv)SUPPER COMPUTER:
It is a very much speed range computer which is basically used for complex task all the supper computer depend upon the parallel processing system which is also called quatso number system and the new generation super computer depend upon the quantum computing the first super computer was ILIAC which made by IBM in 1975 and the very famous supper computer was CARY 1. it is basically used for weather casting scientific research difficult mathematic prittion and for disigion marking the computer are really very much speed but very expensive.
According by purpose
General purpose of computer
special purpose of computer
According by function
Analog computer
Digital computer
Hybirde computer
Optical computer
According by size
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Supper computer
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE :
i) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER:
Those types of computer which are used for multi purpose tasking and an ordinary computer which are easily available in market called general purpose computer.
ii) SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER:
The types of computer which are used for specific task called special purpose computer, these types of computers are not easily available but also made by the request or configration.
ACCORDING BY FUNCTIONS
I)ANALOG COMPUTER:
The word analog derived from a Latin word analogous which mean similar thats why all the analog .computer work in continue form of data and is used mostly measuring objects.
ii)DIGITAL COMPUTER:
The types of computer which work on discrete from or in digits way [1,0]called digital computer these types of computer are used for computer task in a plus way.
iii)HYBIRDE COMPUTER:
The combination form of analog and digital computer is called hybirde computer these types of computer are work on in discrete way and also in continues way .
iv)OPTICAL COMPUTER:
The function which is purely based upon the Quart system or quanting computer are called optical function. The types of optical function are speech latinimation devices, sences devices nauigatio devices robots and for artificial intelligences.
ACCORDING BY SIZE
i)MICRO COMPUTER:
The types of computer which are purely depend upon signal silicon chip and responsible for processing the verity of task called micro computer.
ii)MINI COMPUTER:
It is the types of computer which used as a server because this computer can easily move 5 to 10 computers are used the speed of processing is high as compare to micro computer and memory section or storage area also very much greater then the micro computer
iii)MAIN FRAME :
The high speed range of computer which can easily provide the hundred of connection to terminal without wire, the terminal because all home joined , with main frame are wireless a main frame having hundred of processor for used different kind of task .
iv)SUPPER COMPUTER:
It is a very much speed range computer which is basically used for complex task all the supper computer depend upon the parallel processing system which is also called quatso number system and the new generation super computer depend upon the quantum computing the first super computer was ILIAC which made by IBM in 1975 and the very famous supper computer was CARY 1. it is basically used for weather casting scientific research difficult mathematic prittion and for disigion marking the computer are really very much speed but very expensive.
Friday 10 August 2012
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS
SPEED:
A computer can process data faster than any other machine designed to perform a similar task .
REPETITIONS:
A computer can tirelessly perform the same operations million of times in exactly the same way with out getting board and tired.
ACCURACY :
A computers high speed processing is accompained by high accuracy result. No other system can have as much accuracy as a computer system .
LOGICAL OPERATION:
The computer can make decision based on same conditiond and take alternative action of accordingly.
STORE AND RECALL INFORMATION:
It can store facts, instructions and information and recall them when needed.
SELF CHECKING:
The computer verifies the accuracy of its own work by means of a parity ckeck.
SELF OPERATING:
Once the data and the program are fed into the computers memory,the computer is capable of executing the instructions on its own with out human intervention.
Definition Of Computer
Definition Of Computer
"Computer is an electronic device which take input process it and provide desire out put."
OR
"Computer is an electronic device that can process data at an fast speed and produce accurate result, beside numerical data it can also process other types of data such as alphabetic and alphanumeric data it also has ability to store data."
OR
"Computer is an electronic device used to process data converting the data into information that is useful to people."
PARTS OF COMPUTER :
computer is divided into four parts.
HardWare
Software
Data
User
HARD WARE:
The physical or tangible components forming a computer are called hardwarwe.
it includes not only computer but also cables, connectors,powersupplyand peripheral devices and key board and mouse etc.
SOFTWARE :
Soft ware refers to the program that instruct the computer and the term has software refers to the non -physical elements of a computer.
DATA:
Data consist of individual facts or pieces of information.A computer primary job is to process these tiny pieces of data in various ways converting them into useful information .
USER:
People are the computer operators also know as users.
Wednesday 8 August 2012
Computer Network
What is Computer Network?
Two or more computers connected together through a communication media form a computer network.
The computers are connected in a network to exchange information and data. The computers connected in a network can also use resources of other computers.
Computer Network Components
There are different components of a network. Following are the basic components of network.
1. Server:
Powerful computers that provides services to the other computers on the network.
2. Client:
Computer that uses the services that a server provides. The client is less powerful than server.
3. Media:
A physical connection between the devices on a network.
4. Network Adopter:
Network adopter or network interface card (NIC) is a circuit board with the components necessary for sending and receiving data. It is plugged into one of the available slots on the Pc and transmission cable is attached to the connector on the NIC.
5. Resources:
Any thing available to a client on the network is considered a resource .Printers, data, fax devices and other network devices and information are resources.
6. User:
Any person that uses a client to access resources on the network.
7. Protocols:
These are written rules used for communications. They are the languages that computers use to talk to each other on a network
Tuesday 7 August 2012
Need of IT
Need
Education is a life long process therefore anytime anywhere access to it is the need
Information explosion is an ever increasing phenomena therefore there is need to get access to this information
Education should meet the needs of variety of learners and therefore IT is important in meeting this need
It is a requirement of the society that the individuals should posses technological literacy
We need to increase access and bring down the cost of education to meet the challenges of illiteracy and poverty-IT is the answer
Importance
access to variety of learning resources
immediacy to information
anytime learning
anywhere learning
collaborative learning
multimedia approach to education
authentic and up to date information
access to online libraries
teaching of different subjects made interesting
educational data storage
distance education
access to the source of information
multiple communication channels-e-mail,chat,forum,blogs,etc.
access to open courseware
better accesses to children with disabilities
reduces time on many routine tasks
Information Technology in Education
INTRODUCTION Information Technology in Education, effects of the continuing developments in information technology (IT) on education.
The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live, work, and play worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data, challenging assimilation and assessment skills. Rapid communication, plus increased access to IT in the home, at work, and in educational establishments, could mean that learning becomes a truly lifelong activity—an activity in which the pace of technological change forces constant evaluation of the learning process itself.
Significance of IT in education
Access to variety of learning resources
In the era of technology. IT aids plenty of resources to enhance the teaching skills and learning ability. With the help of IT now it is easy to provide audio visual education. The learning resources are being widens and widen. Now with this vivid and vast technique as part of the IT curriculum, learners are encouraged to regard computers as tools to be used in all aspects of their studies. In particular, they need to make use of the new multimedia technologies to communicate ideas, describe projects, and order information in their work.
Immediacy to information
IT has provided immediacy to education. Now in the year of computers and web networks the pace of imparting knowledge is very very fast and one can be educated anywhere at any time. New IT has often been introduced into well-established patterns of working and living without radically altering them. For example, the traditional office, with secretaries working at keyboards and notes being written on paper and manually exchanged, has remained remarkably stable, even if personal computers have replaced typewriters.
Any time learning
Now in the year of computers and web networks the pace of imparting knowledge is very very fast and one can be educated .One can study whenever he wills irrespective of whether it is day or night and irrespective of being in India or in US because of the boom in IT.
Collaborative learning
Now IT has made it easy to study as well as teach in groups or in clusters. With online we can be unite together to do the desired task. Efficient postal systems, the telephone (fixed and mobile), and various recording and playback systems based on computer technology all have a part to play in educational broadcasting in the new millennium. The Internet and its Web sites are now familiar to many children in developed countries and among educational elites elsewhere, but it remains of little significance to very many more, who lack the most basic means for subsistence.
Multimedia approach to education
Audio-Visual Education, planning, preparation, and use of devices and materials that involve sight, sound, or both, for educational purposes. Among the devices used are still and motion pictures, filmstrips, television, transparencies, audiotapes, records, teaching machines, computers, and videodiscs. The growth of audio-visual education has reflected developments in both technology and learning theory.
Studies in the psychology of learning suggest that the use of audio-visuals in education has several advantages. All learning is based on perception, the process by which the senses gain information from the environment. The higher processes of memory and concept formation cannot occur without prior perception. People can attend to only a limited amount of information at a time; their selection and perception of information is influenced by past experiences. Researchers have found that, other conditions being equal, more information is taken in if it is received simultaneously in two modalities (vision and hearing, for example) rather than in a single modality. Furthermore, learning is enhanced when material is organized and that organization is evident to the student.
These findings suggest the value of audio-visuals in the educational process. They can facilitate perception of the most important features, can be carefully organized, and can require the student to use more than one modality.
Authentic and up to date information
The information and data which are available on the net is purely correct and up to date.
Internet, a collection of computer networks that operate to common standards and enable the computers and the programs they run to communicate directly provides true and correct information.
Online library
Internets support thousands of different kinds of operational and experimental services one of which is online library. We can get plenty of data on this online library.
As part of the IT curriculum, learners are encouraged to regard computers as tools to be used in all aspects of their studies. In particular, they need to make use of the new multimedia technologies to communicate ideas, describe projects, and order information in their work. This requires them to select the medium best suited to conveying their message, to structure information in a hierarchical manner, and to link together information to produce a multidimensional document.
Distance learning
Distance Learning, method of learning at a distance rather than in a classroom. Late 20th-century communications technologies, in their most recent phases multimedia and interactive, open up new possibilities, both individual and institutional, for an unprecedented expansion of home-based learning, much of it part-time. The term distance learning was coined within the context of a continuing communications revolution, largely replacing a hitherto confusing mixed nomenclature—home study, independent study, external study, and, most common, though restricted in pedagogic means, correspondence study. The convergence of increased demand for access to educational facilities and innovative communications technology has been increasingly exploited in face of criticisms that distance learning is an inadequate substitute for learning alongside others in formal institutions. A powerful incentive has been reduced costs per student. At the same time, students studying at home themselves save on travel time and other costs.
Whatever the reasoning, distance learning widens access for students unable for whatever reason (course availability, geographical remoteness, family circumstances, individual disability) to study alongside others. At the same time, it appeals to students who prefer learning at home. In addition, it appeals to organizers of professional and business education, providing an incentive to rethink the most effective way of communicating vital information.
Better accesses to children with disabilities
Information technology has brought drastic changes in the life of disabled children. IT provides various software and technique to educate these poor peoples. Unless provided early with special training, people profoundly deaf from birth are incapable of learning to speak. Deafness from birth causes severe sensory deprivation, which can seriously affect a person's intellectual capacity or ability to learn. A child who sustains a hearing loss early in life may lack the language stimulation experienced by children who can hear. The critical period for neurological plasticity is up to age seven. Failure of acoustic sensory input during this period results in failure of formation of synaptic connections and, possibly, an irremediable situation for the child. A delay in learning language may cause a deaf child's academic progress to be slower than that of hearing children. The academic lag tends to be cumulative, so that a deaf adolescent may be four or more academic years behind his or her hearing peers. Deaf children who receive early language stimulation through sign language, however, generally achieve academically alongside their hearing peers.
The integration of information technology in teaching is a central matter in ensuring quality in the educational system. There are two equally important reasons for integrating information technology in teaching. Pupils must become familiar with the use of information technology, since all jobs in the society of the future will be dependent on it, and information technology must be used in teaching in order to improve its quality and make it more effective.
INTRODUCTION
The information society challenges the education system. In recent years, the speedy, effective and global communication of knowledge has created a new foundation for co-operation and teamwork, both nationally and internationally. The increasing role played by information technology in the development of society calls for an active reaction to the challenges of the information society.
Already, new and greater demands are being made as to the core qualifications of individuals, as well as to their understanding and knowledge of the consequences of the introduction of information technology for the work and organisation of a company. Companies are no longer forced to gather all their functions in one place. The knowledge-intensive functions such as development and marketing can be sited in countries where the labour market can supply highly educated employees, whilst production itself can be moved to low wage countries. The result is the efficient handling, processing, co-ordination and administration of company resources, which is decisive for the competitiveness of the company.In a society which is becoming increasingly dependent on information and the processing of knowledge, great demands are therefore made that the individual should have a solid and broad educational foundation on which to build. Educational policy in the information society must ensure that:
IT qualifications are developed by means of their integration in all activities in the education sector and
The individual citizen must have an active and critical attitude to developments and not passively allow technological development to set the pace.
IT educational policy must ensure:
Up-to-date qualifications in the information society
Up-to-date qualifications gained against the background of a high general level of education in the population will be decisive if Denmark is to maintain competitiveness and its share of the global labour market in the information society. IT skills and IT understanding are thus central prerequisites for the individual, both now and especially in the future.
The advantage of using information technology is that time-consuming work routines can increasingly be performed by means of this technology and time can thus be devoted instead to communicating and informing, to the processing of information and the production of knowledge.
Education is a life long process therefore anytime anywhere access to it is the need
Information explosion is an ever increasing phenomena therefore there is need to get access to this information
Education should meet the needs of variety of learners and therefore IT is important in meeting this need
It is a requirement of the society that the individuals should posses technological literacy
We need to increase access and bring down the cost of education to meet the challenges of illiteracy and poverty-IT is the answer
Importance
access to variety of learning resources
immediacy to information
anytime learning
anywhere learning
collaborative learning
multimedia approach to education
authentic and up to date information
access to online libraries
teaching of different subjects made interesting
educational data storage
distance education
access to the source of information
multiple communication channels-e-mail,chat,forum,blogs,etc.
access to open courseware
better accesses to children with disabilities
reduces time on many routine tasks
Information Technology in Education
INTRODUCTION Information Technology in Education, effects of the continuing developments in information technology (IT) on education.
The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live, work, and play worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data, challenging assimilation and assessment skills. Rapid communication, plus increased access to IT in the home, at work, and in educational establishments, could mean that learning becomes a truly lifelong activity—an activity in which the pace of technological change forces constant evaluation of the learning process itself.
Significance of IT in education
Access to variety of learning resources
In the era of technology. IT aids plenty of resources to enhance the teaching skills and learning ability. With the help of IT now it is easy to provide audio visual education. The learning resources are being widens and widen. Now with this vivid and vast technique as part of the IT curriculum, learners are encouraged to regard computers as tools to be used in all aspects of their studies. In particular, they need to make use of the new multimedia technologies to communicate ideas, describe projects, and order information in their work.
Immediacy to information
IT has provided immediacy to education. Now in the year of computers and web networks the pace of imparting knowledge is very very fast and one can be educated anywhere at any time. New IT has often been introduced into well-established patterns of working and living without radically altering them. For example, the traditional office, with secretaries working at keyboards and notes being written on paper and manually exchanged, has remained remarkably stable, even if personal computers have replaced typewriters.
Any time learning
Now in the year of computers and web networks the pace of imparting knowledge is very very fast and one can be educated .One can study whenever he wills irrespective of whether it is day or night and irrespective of being in India or in US because of the boom in IT.
Collaborative learning
Now IT has made it easy to study as well as teach in groups or in clusters. With online we can be unite together to do the desired task. Efficient postal systems, the telephone (fixed and mobile), and various recording and playback systems based on computer technology all have a part to play in educational broadcasting in the new millennium. The Internet and its Web sites are now familiar to many children in developed countries and among educational elites elsewhere, but it remains of little significance to very many more, who lack the most basic means for subsistence.
Multimedia approach to education
Audio-Visual Education, planning, preparation, and use of devices and materials that involve sight, sound, or both, for educational purposes. Among the devices used are still and motion pictures, filmstrips, television, transparencies, audiotapes, records, teaching machines, computers, and videodiscs. The growth of audio-visual education has reflected developments in both technology and learning theory.
Studies in the psychology of learning suggest that the use of audio-visuals in education has several advantages. All learning is based on perception, the process by which the senses gain information from the environment. The higher processes of memory and concept formation cannot occur without prior perception. People can attend to only a limited amount of information at a time; their selection and perception of information is influenced by past experiences. Researchers have found that, other conditions being equal, more information is taken in if it is received simultaneously in two modalities (vision and hearing, for example) rather than in a single modality. Furthermore, learning is enhanced when material is organized and that organization is evident to the student.
These findings suggest the value of audio-visuals in the educational process. They can facilitate perception of the most important features, can be carefully organized, and can require the student to use more than one modality.
Authentic and up to date information
The information and data which are available on the net is purely correct and up to date.
Internet, a collection of computer networks that operate to common standards and enable the computers and the programs they run to communicate directly provides true and correct information.
Online library
Internets support thousands of different kinds of operational and experimental services one of which is online library. We can get plenty of data on this online library.
As part of the IT curriculum, learners are encouraged to regard computers as tools to be used in all aspects of their studies. In particular, they need to make use of the new multimedia technologies to communicate ideas, describe projects, and order information in their work. This requires them to select the medium best suited to conveying their message, to structure information in a hierarchical manner, and to link together information to produce a multidimensional document.
Distance learning
Distance Learning, method of learning at a distance rather than in a classroom. Late 20th-century communications technologies, in their most recent phases multimedia and interactive, open up new possibilities, both individual and institutional, for an unprecedented expansion of home-based learning, much of it part-time. The term distance learning was coined within the context of a continuing communications revolution, largely replacing a hitherto confusing mixed nomenclature—home study, independent study, external study, and, most common, though restricted in pedagogic means, correspondence study. The convergence of increased demand for access to educational facilities and innovative communications technology has been increasingly exploited in face of criticisms that distance learning is an inadequate substitute for learning alongside others in formal institutions. A powerful incentive has been reduced costs per student. At the same time, students studying at home themselves save on travel time and other costs.
Whatever the reasoning, distance learning widens access for students unable for whatever reason (course availability, geographical remoteness, family circumstances, individual disability) to study alongside others. At the same time, it appeals to students who prefer learning at home. In addition, it appeals to organizers of professional and business education, providing an incentive to rethink the most effective way of communicating vital information.
Better accesses to children with disabilities
Information technology has brought drastic changes in the life of disabled children. IT provides various software and technique to educate these poor peoples. Unless provided early with special training, people profoundly deaf from birth are incapable of learning to speak. Deafness from birth causes severe sensory deprivation, which can seriously affect a person's intellectual capacity or ability to learn. A child who sustains a hearing loss early in life may lack the language stimulation experienced by children who can hear. The critical period for neurological plasticity is up to age seven. Failure of acoustic sensory input during this period results in failure of formation of synaptic connections and, possibly, an irremediable situation for the child. A delay in learning language may cause a deaf child's academic progress to be slower than that of hearing children. The academic lag tends to be cumulative, so that a deaf adolescent may be four or more academic years behind his or her hearing peers. Deaf children who receive early language stimulation through sign language, however, generally achieve academically alongside their hearing peers.
The integration of information technology in teaching is a central matter in ensuring quality in the educational system. There are two equally important reasons for integrating information technology in teaching. Pupils must become familiar with the use of information technology, since all jobs in the society of the future will be dependent on it, and information technology must be used in teaching in order to improve its quality and make it more effective.
INTRODUCTION
The information society challenges the education system. In recent years, the speedy, effective and global communication of knowledge has created a new foundation for co-operation and teamwork, both nationally and internationally. The increasing role played by information technology in the development of society calls for an active reaction to the challenges of the information society.
Already, new and greater demands are being made as to the core qualifications of individuals, as well as to their understanding and knowledge of the consequences of the introduction of information technology for the work and organisation of a company. Companies are no longer forced to gather all their functions in one place. The knowledge-intensive functions such as development and marketing can be sited in countries where the labour market can supply highly educated employees, whilst production itself can be moved to low wage countries. The result is the efficient handling, processing, co-ordination and administration of company resources, which is decisive for the competitiveness of the company.In a society which is becoming increasingly dependent on information and the processing of knowledge, great demands are therefore made that the individual should have a solid and broad educational foundation on which to build. Educational policy in the information society must ensure that:
IT qualifications are developed by means of their integration in all activities in the education sector and
The individual citizen must have an active and critical attitude to developments and not passively allow technological development to set the pace.
IT educational policy must ensure:
Up-to-date qualifications in the information society
Up-to-date qualifications gained against the background of a high general level of education in the population will be decisive if Denmark is to maintain competitiveness and its share of the global labour market in the information society. IT skills and IT understanding are thus central prerequisites for the individual, both now and especially in the future.
The advantage of using information technology is that time-consuming work routines can increasingly be performed by means of this technology and time can thus be devoted instead to communicating and informing, to the processing of information and the production of knowledge.
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